Association of Animal and Plant Protein Intake With All- Cause and Cause- Specific Mortality . Although the amount of protein may have specific effects, from a broader dietary perspective, the choice of protein sources will inevitably influence other components of diet and may be a critical determinant for the health outcome. Objective. Animal and plant protein intake was assessed by regularly updated validated food frequency questionnaires. Data were analyzed from June 2. January 1. 8, 2. 01. Main Outcomes and Measures.
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The median protein intake, as assessed by percentage of energy, was 1. After adjusting for major lifestyle and dietary risk factors, animal protein intake was weakly associated with higher mortality, particularly cardiovascular mortality (HR, 1.
CI, 1. 0. 1- 1. 1. P for trend. These associations were confined to participants with at least 1 unhealthy lifestyle factor based on smoking, heavy alcohol intake, overweight or obesity, and physical inactivity, but not evident among those without any of these risk factors. Replacing animal protein of various origins with plant protein was associated with lower mortality. In particular, the HRs for all- cause mortality were 0. CI, 0. 5. 9- 0. 7.
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CI, 0. 8. 4- 0. 9. CI, 0. 7. 5- 0. 8. Conclusions and Relevance.
Substitution of plant protein for animal protein, especially that from processed red meat, was associated with lower mortality, suggesting the importance of protein source.